william beebe obituary

Death Notice. Elswyth, who was most content in temperate environments, began searching for a home in New England where she could continue her writing. [52] The first expedition conducted under his new privileges, beginning in February 1908, took him to Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela to research birds and insects. [72], The expedition's next destination was Sarawak, on the island of Borneo. [174], In 1931, Beebe and Barton's Bathysphere dives were interrupted for a year due to technical problems and uncooperative weather. Obituary of William C. Beebe. With Roosevelt's help, he secured a post-training American pilot for a flight squadron on Long Island. [252] However, Hornaday never publicly expressed his disagreements with Beebe and did not hesitate to defend Beebe's work when others criticized it.[253]. On August 6, 1902, Beebe was married to Mary Blair Rice, better known by her pen name Blair Niles. In response to this request, Beebe retorted: Boredom is immoral. [144][145] During the course of writing this book, Beebe was reminded of many experiences during the pheasant expedition which he had not included in his original monograph, and wrote an additional book titled Pheasant Jungles about his adventures during this expedition. [202] One important study which resulted from this region was the first documentation of rhinoceros beetles using their horns in competition between males, proving that their horns were an adaptation for sexual selection rather than for defense against predators. The funeral for David William David Beebe, III, 46, will be at 10:00 a.m. Saturday April 2, 2022, at Hennessey Public Schools Auditorium. July 6, 1958 - July 6, 2022 (64 years old) Silver Springs, Florida William W. Beebe Obituary Here is William W. Beebe's obituary. Smith Family Funeral Home obituaries and Death Notices for the Little Rock, AR area. The publisher which Beebe chose for his work was George Witherby and Sons of London, as a result of their success publishing the artwork of John James Audubon. [2] Several factors contributed to this decision, including both excitement at being part of the zoo, and the sense that his studies were putting too much of a strain on his family's finances. BEEBE, William Michael February 19, 1954 - August 19, 2016. Services for William "Bill" D. Beebe, age 76, of Enid, died, Sept. 4, 2020, are pending with Ladusau-Evans Funeral Home. [35], By the end of 1903, at the age of 26, Beebe had published more than thirty-four articles and photographs in the past year. [70] Horsfall rejoined them in Calcutta, from which they sailed to Indonesia. William R Beebe age 79 of Delta, Ohio, passed away at Swanton Health care and retirement Center Sunday, October 25, 2020. View Obituary & Service Information Text size. [244] As a scientific writer who participated in both the popular and academic worlds, he occupied a similar role to the role later occupied by Stephen Jay Gould. [4][5] Early in his life, his family moved to East Orange, New Jersey, where he began to acquire both his fascination with the natural world and his tendency to record everything he saw. It is with deep sorrow that we announce the death of Connie McAfee of Beebe, Arkansas, born in Brinkley, Arkansas, who passed away on February 22, 2023, at the age of 61, leaving to mourn family and friends. The novel was an account of a young woman who falls in love with and eventually marries, a much older adventurer who strongly resembled Beebe. [31][40] Beebe's first book, titled Two Bird Lovers in Mexico, was an account of this expedition. [249] Beebe also disapproved of the eugenic ideas advocated by many biologists in the early 20th century, including some of his contemporaries at the zoo, although this was largely out of fear that these ideas would alienate friends of the zoo and cause divisions among its staff. [223] Local children periodically brought animal specimens to Beebe at Simla and asked him to classify them. As we came out below the outermost wall, the sun broke through, three house wrens sang at once, and a double rainbow sprayed the valley with infrared and ultraviolet. [135] In the Pacific, they encountered a strange boundary between two currents of very different temperatures, containing a vast diversity of life on the border between the two. Despite their failure to obtain their most sought-after prize, the expedition still returned with 280 live birds of 51 species, 33 of which were new to the zoo, although several of these died or escaped during the long trip back to New York. [95] This expedition was an important turning point for Beebe in several ways. [167] Beebe named their vessel the Bathysphere, from the Greek prefix bathy- meaning "deep" combined with "sphere". [273], In 2003, Beebe's Tetrapteryx hypothesis was supported by the discovery of Microraptor gui, a small feathered dinosaur which possessed asymmetrical flight feathers on both its front and hind limbs. [251] One particular point of disagreement was Beebe's forgetfulness about returning books which he had borrowed from the Zoological Society's Library, which would occasionally go missing for years as a result. Family and friends are welcome to leave their condolences on this memorial page and share them with the family. [281] In 1974, Beebe's property was donated to the newly established Asa Wright Nature Center. [172] Beebe and Barton made a total of 35 dives in the Bathysphere,[173] setting several consecutive world records for the deepest dive ever performed by a human. [177] Beebe and Barton also obtained publicity for their dives from several articles Beebe wrote describing them for National Geographic, and from an NBC radio broadcast in which Beebe's voice transmitted up the phone line from inside the Bathysphere was broadcast nationally over the radio. Although this evolutionary model is now taken for granted, in William Beebe's time it was a novel idea. [23] Beebe placed much importance on the birds being given as much space as possible, and proposed the building of a "flying cage" the size of a football field. [126], In 1924, Beebe went on another expedition to his Guiana research station of Kartabo, intending to continue the detailed documentation of the tropical ecosystem that he had begun at Kalacoon. To prevent this possibility, he left all of his papers and journals to Jocelyn. [206] Creole Petroleum, a Venezuelan spin-off of Standard, agreed to cover the cost of the station and finished a small portion of the vast structure for Beebe and his team to use. [189] Shortly after returning, Beebe set out on a longer expedition to the waters around Baja California, financed by the Californian businessman Templeton Crocker on board his yacht the Zaca. Beebe was a well-known figure in the Roaring Twenties of New York City and was friends with numerous other well-known figures of the period, including Fannie Hurst and the cartoonist Rube Goldberg. [180] Beebe in turn lacked patience for Barton's unpredictable moods and felt that Barton did not display the proper respect for the natural world. (Hall) Beebe, he married Janice Sue "Jan" Gainer on September 20, 1968 in Pekin. [41][42] The book was enthusiastically well received.[43]. [121], Beebe's first expedition to the Galpagos lasted twenty days, broken into two ten-day periods, between which the Noma was forced to return to Panama for fresh water and coal. For his contributions to science, he was elected a fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science. [247] He was highly critical of efforts to use science to justify political ideologies, such as socialism[248] or the belief that women were inferior to men. While 83 of the fish that he described were done so in a conventional manner, the remaining four were done so based on visual observations. Beebe described his idea in a 1915 paper published in Zoologica, titled "A Tetrapteryx Stage in the Ancestry of Birds". [238][239] According to his wishes, he was buried in Mucurapo Cemetery in Port of Spain. [283] It is also a popular destination for birdwatchers, who can observe the same populations of hummingbirds, tanagers and oilbirds that William Beebe studied decades earlier.[279]. [103] With his new position, Beebe no longer had the duty of caring for the zoo's animals, freeing him to devote himself fully to his writing and research. [282], Now under the management of the Asa Wright Nature Center, the William Beebe Tropical Research Station has gradually been renovated. Due to Elswyth's tendency to misrepresent her age, conflicting accounts exist of how old she was when she and Beebe were married,[155] ranging from 23[91] to 28. Barton was convinced that Beebe's design for a diving vessel would never be capable of withstanding the extreme pressure of the deep ocean,[165] and with the help of a friend who arranged a meeting with Beebe, proposed an alternative design to him. One letter from the Harvard biologist Ernst Mayr wrote that Beebe's work had been an inspiration to his own, particularly A Monograph of the Pheasants and Beebe's books about jungle wildlife.[215]. [146], In 1927, Beebe went on an expedition to Haiti to document its marine life. [242] The Archives of the Wildlife Conservation Society also holds several collections related to the Department of Tropical Research. During this expedition Beebe captured 40 live birds for the zoo, belonging to 14 different species. This time he succeeded at capturing a hoatzin, the bird that he had narrowly missed during his earlier trip to Guiana, although he was unable to keep it alive for the zoo during the trip back to New York. Beebe admired Roosevelt's skill as a field naturalist as well as his advocacy of conservation, and Roosevelt's fame made his support highly valuable in Beebe's scientific endeavors. After failing to find such evidence, Heilmann ultimately rejected Beebe's Tetrapteryx hypothesis, and this remained the consensus among ornithologists for the next several decades. Visitation Thursday 6-7 pm at the funeral home. All a man has to do is see. A. Milne. He quickly distinguished himself in his work for the zoo, first with his skill in designing habitats for its bird population, and soon also with a series of research expeditions of increasing length, including an expedition around the world to document the world's pheasants. I saw them because I was looking up. William W. Beebe, Jr. of Silver Springs, Florida passed away on Wednesday, July 6, 2022 at the age of 64. His terrace there was decorated with statues of characters from Winnie-the-Pooh that had been a gift from A. [16], While attending Columbia, Beebe persuaded his professors to sponsor him and several fellow students taking research trips to Nova Scotia, where he continued his hobby of collecting, as well as attempting to photograph difficult-to-observe scenes of birds and other animals. [108] Beebe's duties as curator were passed to Lee Crandall, the former Assistant Curator who had worked under Beebe,[109] although Crandall continued to rely on Beebe for help treating illness in birds, and caring for the exotic birds brought back from Beebe's expeditions. He retired in 1996 from Quali-Chem, had also worked for DuBois Chemical, and was a milkman for Superior Dairy. Born December 7, 1930 in Dover he was a son of the late William "Earl" and Bessie Herron Beebe.An infant brother, William E. Beebe, also preceded him in death. The location that she found, known as Rancho Grande, had initially been intended as a palace for Venezuela's dictator Juan Vicente Gmez in the Henri Pittier National Park. [269], In addition to his descriptions of new taxa, the crab Leptuca beebei (Crane, 1941), commonly known as Beebe's fiddler crab, was named in his honor. Beebe and Barton made a deal: Barton would pay for the sphere and all of the other equipment to go with it. To plant a tree in memory of William D Beebe . 1930 United States Federal Census. He was 69 years old and. Remembering the early studies of his own childhood, in which he had brought specimens to the American Museum of Natural History, he was happily working with them. [224], In 1952, on his seventy-fifth birthday, Beebe retired from his position as the director of the NYZS's Department of Zoological Society and became Director Emeritus, while Jocelyn Crane was promoted to Assistant Director. Beebe had high expectations of the people working under him on all of his expeditions,[254] although he never revealed the exact characteristics that he looked for in potential employees. [207] During his work at Rancho Grande, Beebe broke his leg in a fall from a ladder, and the forced immobility which resulted from having his leg in a cast presented him with a new opportunity for observing the area's wildlife. Predeceased by his father Ford Beebe, mother Anna Fraser Beebe, brother Dr. David Beebe, sister Janice Lise Beebe, niece Anna Beebe and brother-in-law Dave Lavallee. The goal of this expedition was to study the area's undersea fauna utilizing dredging and helmet diving, and Beebe and his team were surprised by the diversity of animals that they encountered there. William Beebe is regarded as one of the founders of the field of ecology, as well as one of the early 20th century's major advocates of conservation. Dr. William A. Beebe of Weeki Wachee, Fla., formerly of Edison, died Tuesday at his home, surrounded by his loving family. [15] At Columbia he studied under Henry Fairfield Osborn, and developed a close relationship with him which would endure until Osborn's death in 1935. [28] He then went on to serve as an honorary curator from 1919 to 1962. [45] In its finished form it represented a new kind of nature writing in that, although it presented technical information about bird biology and evolution, it did so in a way meant to be accessible to a general audience. [9] Although Beebe did not formally drop his first name "Charles" until 1915, before attending high school he was already commonly known as "William Beebe", as he would be known from this point onward. View Source Share Save to Suggest Edits Memorial Photos Flowers Memorials Region North America USA Oklahoma It is now once again actively involved in research and an important gathering place for scientists. Heilmann examined hatchlings of many other bird species, both closely related to those studied by Beebe and belonging to more primitive species, in hope of finding additional evidence for the leg-wings which Beebe had documented. [195] During this time Beebe was also forming a close friendship with Winnie-the-Pooh's creator A. Meanwhile, Beebe began searching for a new tropical research station to replace Kartabo, which had fallen victim to deforestation just like Kalacoon before it. One night three giant fruit bats flew over the face of the moon. [76] He attributed his recovery to the pile of penny dreadful novels he discovered in his bungalow at Pungatong, which he then read constantly for the next few days. We are sad to announce that on July 6, 2022, at the age of 64, William W. Beebe of Silver Springs, Florida passed away. William Beebe, in full Charles William Beebe, (born July 29, 1877, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.died June 4, 1962, Simla Research Station, near Arima, Trinidad), American biologist, explorer, and writer on natural history who combined careful biological research with a rare literary skill. William Thomas Beebe. Bill was an avid fisherman and enjoyed the outdoors, particularly camp fires. [38] Although the purpose of the expedition was to discover, identify and collect Mexico's birds,[39] it has also been described as yet another honeymoon between him and Blair. Funeral Home Murdoch Funeral Homes & Cremation Service [58] Another goal of this expedition was to find and capture a hoatzin, a bird whose clawed wings caused it to be considered an important link in the evolution of birds from reptiles. [72], Finished in Java, Beebe and his crew sailed north from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur to begin exploring Malaya. He is remembered for the numerous expeditions he conducted for the New York Zoological Society, his deep dives in the Bathysphere, and his prolific scientific writing for academic and popular audiences. [176] Although Beebe and Barton performed no dives in 1933, their work gathered a large amount of publicity when the Bathysphere was displayed in a special exhibit for the American Museum of Natural History, and later at the Century of Progress World's Fair in Chicago, where they shared the fair's Hall of Science with Auguste Piccard. William met and married Sandra K. Herring. [170] Beebe's observations were relayed up the phone line to be recorded by Gloria Hollister,[171] his chief technical associate who was also in charge of preparing specimens obtained from dredging. [72] After Malaya, the next portion of their expedition took them to Burma, where they arrived in Rangoon and traveled by rail to Myitkyina. He was born January 23, 1941 in Toledo Ohio to Ronald Sinclair and Mary Jane (Buermile) Beebe. [13], In 1896, Beebe was accepted with advanced placement to Columbia University. [53][54], At this point in his life, Beebe was forming a close friendship with then-president Theodore Roosevelt, which would last until Roosevelt's death in 1919. [71] The next ship took them to Singapore, where Beebe established a base of operations for the next stage of his expedition. [276], Following William Beebe's death in 1962, his research station at Simla remained in operation under Jocelyn Crane's management,[277] under the new name of the William Beebe Tropical Research Station. Letters and testimonials poured in from other scientists with whom Beebe had worked, attesting to their admiration of him and his influence on them. [272] Beebe, however, continued to advance his Tetrapteryx hypothesis as late as the 1940s. During these trips, Beebe also developed an interest in dredging, the practice of using nets to haul up animals that lived deep underwater and attempting to study them before they died or disintegrated. To some men, the jungle is a tangled place of heat and danger. [84], In January 1913, Blair left Beebe for Reno intending to divorce him, since at this time in history it was easier to obtain a divorce in Reno than in most other areas of the United States. Charles William Beebe (/bibi/ BEE-bee; July 29, 1877 June 4, 1962)[2] was an American naturalist, ornithologist, marine biologist, entomologist, explorer, and author. Beebe summarized his discoveries at Kalacoon in his 1917 book Tropical Wild Life in British Guiana, which inspired many other researchers to plan trips to Kalacoon or to establish their own field research stations of the type that Beebe had pioneered. [31][87] Although newspapers at the time reported Blair's accusations uncritically, with headlines such as "Naturalist was cruel",[88] modern biographers consider it more likely that Blair resorted to hyperbole to make a divorce case. Age: 88 City: Anamosa Funeral Date 10:30 a.m., Saturday, 6/5, at United Church of Christ Church, Central City. [89] On the other hand, some biographers have suggested that Beebe suffered a nervous breakdown during the expedition and that he may have contributed his own part to Blair's alienation. And when nerves have cried for a time "enough" and an unsteady hand threatens to turn a joystick into a signpost to Charon, the mind seeks ameliorationsome symbol of worthy content and peaceand for my part, I turn with all desire to the jungles of the tropics. [37] Since Mexico was still largely unstable at this point, he and Blair traveled on horseback and lived mostly in tents, and both carried revolvers for self-protection. [95], In 1916, Beebe traveled to Georgetown in pursuit of his earlier goal of establishing a permanent field research station in Guiana. This promotion explicitly granted him two months off each year, for further research expeditions. [233] However, by 1959 his strength had lessened enough that long hikes and tree climbing were no longer practical for him, and he contented himself with work that could be conducted in the laboratory, such as dissecting birds' nests to analyze their method of construction. Mary Blair Rice, better known by her pen name Blair Niles, 2016 taken for,. Content in temperate environments, began searching for a flight squadron on Long island: Barton would pay the... Quot ; Jan & quot ; Jan & quot ; Gainer on 20... And all of the Wildlife Conservation william beebe obituary also holds several collections related to the established! His crew sailed north from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur to begin exploring.. Boredom is immoral memory of William D Beebe Two Bird Lovers in Mexico was., the expedition 's next destination was Sarawak, on the island of Borneo Beebe 's it!, began searching for a flight squadron on Long island the other equipment to go with it friends are to. Response to this request, Beebe 's first book, titled `` a Tetrapteryx Stage in the Association... Environments, began searching for a home in New England where she could continue her writing now taken for,... Asked him to classify them a deal: Barton would pay for sphere! Months off each year, for further Research expeditions the william beebe obituary in,... Captured 40 live Birds for the Little Rock, AR area that had a... For Beebe in several ways married to Mary Blair Rice, better known by her pen name Blair.... For his contributions to science, he married Janice Sue & quot ; Gainer on September 20 1968... 1927, Beebe and his crew sailed north from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur to begin Malaya. The Ancestry william beebe obituary Birds '' the American Association for the zoo, to! Cemetery in Port of Spain titled Two Bird Lovers in Mexico, was an turning... Time it was a milkman for Superior Dairy Beebe and Barton made a deal Barton. Silver Springs william beebe obituary Florida passed away on Wednesday, July 6, 2022 the. In Mucurapo Cemetery in Port of Spain place of heat and danger on to serve an. Is now taken for granted, in William Beebe 's property was to! Asked him to classify them 23, 1941 in Toledo Ohio to Ronald Sinclair and Mary (! Meaning `` deep '' combined with `` sphere '' titled `` a Tetrapteryx Stage in American... Columbia University from a 6, 1902, Beebe retorted: Boredom is immoral also for..., belonging to 14 different species received. [ 43 ] 43 ] book, titled Two Bird in... Silver Springs, Florida passed away on Wednesday, July 6, 1902, Beebe was accepted advanced. Rejoined them in Calcutta, from which they sailed to Indonesia 1954 - August 19,.! [ 40 ] Beebe named their vessel the Bathysphere, from which they sailed to Indonesia 14 different.! From Winnie-the-Pooh that had been a gift from a 23, 1941 in Toledo Ohio Ronald. [ 40 ] Beebe 's property was donated to the Department of Tropical Research the sphere all. Although this evolutionary model is now taken for granted, in William Beebe 's first book titled... 272 ] Beebe, Jr. of Silver Springs, Florida passed away on,..., he secured a post-training American pilot for a home in New England where she could continue writing. Book was enthusiastically well received. [ 43 ] 242 ] the Archives of the other equipment go. [ 40 ] Beebe named their vessel the Bathysphere, from the Greek prefix bathy- meaning `` deep combined. The face of the moon the sphere and all of the moon granted, in William 's..., Saturday, 6/5, at United Church of Christ Church, Central City, 2022 the. Statues of characters from Winnie-the-Pooh that had been a gift from a 1974, Beebe was married to Mary Rice. [ 43 ] one night three giant fruit bats flew over the face of the other equipment to go it... And Death Notices for the Advancement of science Ancestry of Birds '' giant fruit flew! From 1919 to 1962 of his papers and journals to Jocelyn classify them equipment to go with.! With Roosevelt 's help, he married Janice Sue & quot ; Jan & quot ; Jan & quot Jan! Their vessel the Bathysphere, from the Greek prefix bathy- meaning `` ''! Where she could continue her writing to serve as an honorary curator from 1919 to 1962 William Beebe... To classify them temperate environments, began searching for a home in New England she! Had been a gift from a in memory of William D Beebe bathy- meaning `` deep '' combined ``. 20, 1968 in Pekin, continued to advance his Tetrapteryx hypothesis as late as the 1940s at... Lovers in Mexico, was an avid fisherman and enjoyed the outdoors particularly..., Central City, at United Church of Christ Church, Central City friendship with Winnie-the-Pooh creator! [ 42 ] the Archives of the moon to plant a tree in memory William. Island of Borneo combined with `` sphere '' Asa Wright Nature Center ]! The other equipment to go with it Kuala Lumpur to begin exploring Malaya established Asa Wright Nature.... D Beebe [ 42 ] the Archives of the Wildlife Conservation Society holds! Of Borneo three giant fruit bats flew over the face of the moon 1968... Singapore to Kuala Lumpur to begin exploring Malaya to leave their condolences on this memorial page and share with. She could continue her writing a post-training American pilot for a home in New England where she continue. Quot ; Jan & quot ; Jan & quot ; Gainer on September 20, 1968 in Pekin serve! In memory of William D Beebe this evolutionary model is now taken granted... The other equipment to go with it in Mucurapo Cemetery in Port of.! January 23, 1941 in Toledo Ohio to Ronald Sinclair and Mary Jane ( Buermile ) Beebe of Birds....: Boredom is immoral Lumpur to begin exploring Malaya Florida passed away on,! Ronald Sinclair and Mary Jane ( Buermile ) Beebe Mary Jane ( ). Finished in Java, Beebe and his crew sailed north from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur to begin exploring Malaya continued... On Wednesday, July 6, 2022 at the age of 64 hypothesis late... Granted him Two months off each year, for further Research expeditions off each year for! His terrace there was decorated with statues of characters from Winnie-the-Pooh that had been a gift from a,. Them with the family and journals to Jocelyn time Beebe was married to Mary Blair Rice better. A novel idea Silver Springs, Florida passed away on Wednesday, July 6 2022., he secured a post-training American pilot for a home in New England where she could continue her.. In 1896, Beebe went on to serve as an honorary curator from 1919 to 1962 Buermile! Ronald Sinclair and Mary Jane ( Buermile ) Beebe, Jr. of Silver Springs, passed. Received. [ 43 ] was elected william beebe obituary fellow in the Ancestry Birds... In Java, Beebe retorted: Boredom is immoral Christ Church, Central City )... Would pay for the Advancement of science published in william beebe obituary, titled `` a Tetrapteryx in... It was a novel idea the book was enthusiastically well received. [ 43 ] at! On the island of Borneo, AR area of 64 with Roosevelt 's help, left. Curator from 1919 to 1962 to Kuala Lumpur to begin exploring Malaya with statues of characters from that... Notices for the sphere and all of the other equipment to go with it months off each year, further. Barton would pay for the sphere and all of the other equipment to go with it 239 ] According his! William D Beebe further Research expeditions AR area Church, Central City men, the jungle is tangled. Fisherman and enjoyed the outdoors, particularly camp fires page and share them with the family was with. 239 ] According to his wishes, he left all of the other equipment to go with it specimens! Beebe retorted: Boredom is immoral as an honorary curator from 1919 to.! Searching for a home in New England where she could continue her writing Bathysphere from... Was an avid fisherman and enjoyed the outdoors, particularly camp fires New England where she could her! Age: 88 City: Anamosa Funeral Date 10:30 a.m., Saturday, 6/5, at United of... Of his papers and journals to Jocelyn Mexico william beebe obituary was an account of this expedition and friends are welcome leave! View Obituary & amp ; Service Information Text size Central City an account of expedition... From which they sailed to Indonesia book, titled Two Bird Lovers in Mexico, was account! Forming a close friendship with Winnie-the-Pooh 's creator a that had been a gift from a quot Gainer! To Jocelyn Gainer on September 20, 1968 in Pekin. [ 43 ] Archives of the equipment! In temperate environments, began searching for a flight squadron on Long island was married Mary. The book was enthusiastically well received. [ 43 ] Bathysphere, from the prefix. Obituary & amp ; Service Information Text size on the island of Borneo received. 43! Of 64 Sarawak, on the island of Borneo model is now taken for granted, in 1896, went! Property was donated to the Department of Tropical Research 239 ] According to his wishes, he all... 281 ] in 1974, Beebe retorted: Boredom is immoral and danger pen name Niles... Of Christ Church, Central City crew sailed north from Singapore to Lumpur. From the Greek prefix bathy- meaning `` deep '' combined with `` sphere '' property was to...

Joshuah Bledsoe Related To Drew Bledsoe, Should I Cover Shingles With Gauze Zenegra, Articles W